Preheat and prep: Heat the oven to 400°F (205°C). Pat the pork dry with paper towels.
Dry meat sears better and builds a flavorful crust.
Make the garlic-Parmesan paste: In a bowl, mix garlic, Parmesan, 2 tablespoons olive oil, lemon zest, Italian seasoning, smoked paprika, red pepper flakes, 1 teaspoon kosher salt, and 1/2 teaspoon black pepper. It should be a thick, spreadable paste.
Season the tenderloin: Lightly salt and pepper the pork. Rub the garlic-Parmesan paste all over, pressing it in so it adheres.
Sear for crust: Heat a large oven-safe skillet over medium-high.
Add 1 tablespoon olive oil (and butter if using). Sear the pork 1–2 minutes per side until lightly golden. Don’t move it too much; let the crust form.
Roast to temp: Transfer the skillet to the oven.
Roast 12–18 minutes, depending on thickness, until the internal temperature reaches 140–145°F in the thickest part.
Rest and finish: Move the pork to a cutting board. Rest 5–8 minutes. Squeeze a little lemon juice over the top and sprinkle with chopped parsley and extra Parmesan.
Slice and serve: Slice into 1/2-inch rounds.
Spoon any pan juices over the slices. Serve with roasted broccoli, green beans, or a simple salad.