Preheat and prep: Heat your oven to 425°F (220°C). Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish or similar casserole pan.
Roast the cauliflower: Toss florets with olive oil, a big pinch of salt, and black pepper.
Spread on a sheet pan and roast for 18–22 minutes, stirring once, until lightly browned and tender with crisp edges.
Cook the protein: While the cauliflower roasts, warm a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add ground beef or turkey and cook, breaking it up, until browned. Drain excess fat if needed.
For a vegetarian version, warm 2 cups black beans with 1 teaspoon oil instead.
Sauté aromatics: Add onion to the skillet and cook 3–4 minutes until softened. Stir in garlic, taco seasoning, and cumin. Cook 1 minute until fragrant.
Build the saucy base: Stir in diced tomatoes, green chiles, salsa, tomato paste, and water/broth.
Simmer 3–5 minutes to thicken slightly. Taste and add salt and pepper as needed.
Fold in extras: Add corn and black beans if using as mix-ins. Squeeze in the lime juice for brightness.
Turn off the heat.
Assemble the bake: Add roasted cauliflower to the skillet mixture and gently fold to coat. Transfer everything to the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle evenly with shredded cheese.
Bake: Reduce oven to 400°F (205°C).
Bake 12–15 minutes, until the cheese is melted and bubbling around the edges.
Finish and serve: Let it rest 5 minutes. Top with cilantro and your favorites—jalapeños, avocado, sour cream, hot sauce, or a handful of crushed tortilla chips for crunch.